The Parisian club has now secured the season-opening cup on fourteen separate times.
Paris Saint-Germain needed a stoppage-time leveler followed by a successful spot-kick decider to get past their arch-rivals in the Gulf and capture a record-extending fourth consecutive Trophee des Champions title.
The Champions League holders appeared to be coasting towards a comfortable win in the match featuring the Ligue 1 champions and the Coupe de France winners after Ousmane Dembele opened the scoring early on.
However, Marseille struck two times in the closing moments to take a surprise advantage. First, the English forward scored from the spot-kick, before Willian Pacho unfortunately turned the ball into his own net for an own goal.
In a breathtaking turn of fortune, the Portuguese striker grabbed a vital leveler in the final seconds to send the match into a deciding shootout. PSG goalkeeper Lucas Chevalier then stood as the key figure, saving crucial kicks from Matt O'Riley and Hamed Traore.
From the spot, Ramos, Vitinha, the full-back, and the young talent all scored with composure for PSG to complete a convincing penalty victory.
Now 14-time champions PSG, who faced last season's Ligue 1 second-placed team Olympique de Marseille after completing a domestic double, have now lifted this trophy for the 12th time in the past 13 years.